The key to figuring out was this Microsoft Support article describing moving databases using sp_detach_db and sp_attach_db.
Figuring out how to transfer the Dentrix Image SQL Server database, the database that contains a mapping between patients and images, took an absurd amount of time.Pulling images (35GB) over took longer, given the amount of data, but it was as simple.
about 300MB) over was simply a matter of copying the data into the appropriate Data directory.